Feminism in Pakistan

Out of the fifteen people asked, 53% of the survey population responded negatively to the question inquiring whether men were equal to women. Zahra Mania, a secretary for a business organization claimed that in our society, there is a substantial gap in the rights of men and women. The interviewee claimed that despite both sexes being intellectually equal, preference is given to men in acquiring important jobs such as being CEO, CFO, etc. Another respondent, who opted to remain anonymous backed this point by stating that women are far more likely to attain low-paying jobs such as being secretaries or receptionists.A journalist refuted these points by saying that in her profession, men were given equal rights to women and that in order to be promoted, a person’s work was taken into consideration, not his or her gender. Similarly, another journalist agreed with this point, adding further that equality between men and women is mostly dependant on the customs of a society, and the career one wishes to pursue. When asked about what would have to change before men and women achieved true equality, 18% responded negatively stating that in a patriarchal society, it would be nearly impossible for men and women to achieve equal rights.The rest 82% had optimistic views, claiming that while it would indeed be difficult to change the mindset of people who firmly believe in male dominance, a good start would be with the family. Many respondents believed that children need to be socialized in such a way where they believe that male and females are equal. If a boy is brought up to believe that he is no different from his sister, he will have a more positive outlook on life claimed Sana Memon. Another respondent stated that the oppression of women had to come to an end and in doing so, education would play a big part.According to her, education would eradicate ignorance within a persons character, and would lead to a deeper understanding of the other sex. When asked the question of what change does one wish to see regarding women’s rights, male respondents generally claimed that they did not want the workings of society changed. Ahmed Shehzab, an accountant, stated that women’s rightful place is at home, looking after the family whereas men have a duty to generate income and provide for their family.Similarly, another businessman claimed that women are inferior to men in both intelligence and physical exertion, and are therefore unable to handle the strain of leading a company. However, many respondents refuted these points by saying that women should be given more freedom. Nausheen Afzal claimed that in western countries, women are more liberated and are allowed to participate in almost anything. Being a pro-feminist, she believes that the same rights should be implemented in Pakistan. 72% of the survey population believe that the family plays an important part in gender role socialization.Fahaama Khalid, a housewife, believes that c hildren are heavily influenced by the perceptions and thoughts of their family, with whom they spend a lot of time. She believes that (specifically in Pakistan), girls are socialized in such a way that they are lead to believe that they are physically weaker than men and lack male dominant qualities. Girls are primarily raised to be mothers and care-takers of the household and are expected to obey their husbands rules. Similarly, Farhana Farooq who is a shopkeeper, believes that the family plays a crucial role in a child’s life.It is the family, she says, who influences the child using both direct and indirect methods. Direct methods, she explains, includes sending children to segregated schools and stopping girls from participating in athletic activities whereas indirect methods are when a child looks at his family, sees his father as the head and his mother as a nurturing woman, and automatically assumes that that is what is normal. Faareha Ansar, a waitress, refutes these points by saying that education is what has a more important role in a child’s life, for it is through knowledge and its application that children realize how society works. 1% of the survey population is of the belief that gender plays an important role in a person’s life chances. Anushe Zafar, a salesclerk says that in a patriarchal and close-minded society as the one in Pakistan, high-paying jobs are generally offered to men. She states that despite the fact that a female may have the same qualifications as a male, males are more likely to be favoured for jobs. Hassan Javed backs this point, saying that women are far more likely to attain positions such as receptionists or PA’s in lieu of occupations such as CEO’s or CFO’s. There are mixed views when considering feminism to be defensive or offensive. 3% of the survey population believes that feminism is offensive and ridiculous. Waleed Khan, a shopkeeper, says that feminism is a waste of time an d an excuse for women. However, many others refuted this point by claiming that women have a right to be heard, to have their sufferings acknowledged and appreciated and also to maintain equal status with men at all levels. The hypothesis of this report is that Pakistan has a patriarchal society and does not give much freedom to women. Many respondents have proved for this theory to be true, giving their honest opinions and using examples from their work life.

Ethical Analysis of Citigroup

Company Assessment: An Analysis of CitiGroup 1 Company Assessment: An Analysis of CitiGroup Introduction With origins dating back to 1812, Citigroup (Citi) is a global diversified financial services holding company providing both individuals and institutions with a broad range of financial products and services. These services include; consumer banking and credit; corporate and investment banking; securities brokerage; transaction services; and wealth management.Headquartered in Manhattan, NY, Citi currently has over 260,000 employees servicing 200 million customer accounts in more than 160 countries around the globe. Citi is organized into two divisions; Citicorp and Citi Holdings. Citicorp manages the consumer and institutional core client business, while Citi Holdings manages the brokerage and asset management divisions. Based on financial data obtained from the Citi website, the core st business (i. e. Citicorp), represents 92. 9% of the $19. 4 billion ($US) of the 1 quarter 2012 revenue.The total revenues of Citicorp are geographically diversified across the globe with North America representing 40% of the total, Asia at 22%, Latin America at 20% and Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) accounting for the remaining 18% (Citi Financials, 2012) Over its 200 year history, Citi has been a leading innovator in financial services starting in the 1920’s by becoming the first major U. S. bank to offer compound interest on savings accounts. Also, through the acquisition of Second National Bank, Citi has the distinction of being the first bank in New York to provide separate banking services for women.Further innovations include; offering unsecured personal loans and customer checking accounts in 1928 and 1936 respectively (Citi Timeline, 2012). Citi’s original mission of offering traditional banking services evolved as they grew, however, since the financial crisis of 2008, Citi has been selling off many of the non-core operations to refocus on the t raditional banking model. The refocused mission as stated on the corporate website is: â€Å"We strive to create the best outcomes for our clients and customers with financial solutions that are simple, creative and responsible. (Citi, 2012) The purpose of this paper is to conduct a review and overall ethical assessment of Citi which will include an overview of the mission, vision and values, ethics and compliance codes, leadership, corporate social responsibility as well as the corporate governance structure. Mission, Vision and Values Clicking on the â€Å"Our Company† link of the Citi website, you are immediately drawn to the bolded text stating the corporate vision: â€Å"160 Countries. 1 Vision. Citi works tirelessly to provide consumers, corporations, governments and institutions with a broad range of financial products and services.We strive to create the best outcomes for our clients and customers with financial solutions that are simple, creative and responsible. à ¢â‚¬  (Citi, 2012) It is clear that Citi has a vision that places them as the global bank focused on client service, innovation and financial responsibility. Expanding upon the vision statement is the mission statement of Citi and the principles that guide them. The Mission statement is: â€Å"Meeting the World’s Challenges. Seizing its Greatest Opportunities† (Citi Mission, 2012).The four key principles that guide the company as they endeavor to deliver on their vision and mission are; Common Purpose; Ingenuity; Leadership; and Responsible Finance. Based on the stated vision, mission and principles, in my opinion, Citi can be described as a focused team, rewarded based on talent and merit, operating in an innovative culture with one clear goal to deliver transparent and prudent financial products globally. I consider the written vision, mission and guiding principles of Citi to be quite inspiring.Ethics and Compliance Codes In early 2005, Charles Prince, then CEO of Citi announced a bold strategy to transform the financial giant that was Citi. His plan, known as the â€Å"Five Point Ethics Plan†, was designed to; improve ethical training; focus on talent and development; integrate ethics into performance appraisals and compensation; improve communications; and strengthen ethical controls. (Restoring Ethics, 2012) As the successor of Sandy Weill, who, Johnson (2012) suggests typifies the ethically neutral leader (p. 19), Prince faced considerable skepticism on whether his plan could work in such a large and complex organization that had a history of significant regulatory scrutiny, and was linked to some of the biggest scandals in corporate history (e. g. Worldcom). While Prince had some critics, he also had some support. In the January 28, 2005 edition of BusinessWeek Online, Prince was described as a smart, logical thinker and another quote made by an analyst was†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I believe that non-charismatic Prince is going to be a more p ositive force at Citigroup than the other three charismatic CEOs going back to the 1960s. (Restoring Ethics, 2012) I believe he vision that Prince delivered after taking over from Weill, continues to be embraced by the current Citi CEO, Vikram Pandit as well as the Board of Directors. One of the key responsibilities of the Citi Board of Directors is to review and approve the Citi Code of Conduct (the â€Å"Code†). The Code outlines Citi’s principles, values and standards of practice for all employees of 2 Citi and as such can be viewed as Citi’s ethics code. Employees are expected to read and sign the Code, not necessarily as a condition of employment, but as a formalized agreement to abide by the standards of behavior outlined therein.Although not a formal contract of employment, the formal approach to signing the Code can be viewed as being integrated into HR practices. A point of interest is that Citi also strengthens the employee requirement to abide by the code by stating that even if an employee doesn’t return a signed copy, they are still bound by its terms and conditions. In fact, in the introduction to the Code, Citi is clear that failure to adhere to the Code can result in immediate termination of employment. The latest revision to the Code was made in 2011.The code is available in 26 different languages. While in the past, employees had periodic training on the Code, it appears that the training was ad hoc, but according to the Corporate Citizenship Report, in early 2012, Citi rolled out a formalized ethics training program for all employees. In addition to the Code that exists for all employees, there is an additional Code of Ethics that applies solely to the senior financial executives (CEO, CFO, etc†¦) and financial administrative staff.While it may appear that this is a sign of a higher ethical standard at Citi, as with the NYSE requirement for a firm-wide code of ethics, Sarbanes Oxley mandates a requirement for a separate Code of Ethics for senior executives. In reading both the firm-wide Code as well as the Code of Ethics for the senior executives, it’s interesting to note that the Code of Ethics reads like a very compliance based document, while the firm-wide Code reads more like a call to action for all employees to act with the utmost integrity. In fact, the word integrity appears 9 times in a relatively short document.In all fairness to Citi, they do specify that the Code of Ethics should be considered a supplement to the firm-wide Code and they provide a link to the Code as part of the document. Citi also has a set of ethical principles that applies to suppliers. In short, Citi expects that suppliers adhere to the same high standards of practice that governs Citi. The key areas that the principles apply to are; ethical business practices (Integrity, transparency and community engagement); human rights in the workplace; environmental sustainability; and management systems and implementation.Further information on these principles is available at http://www. citigroup. com/citi/citizen/people/diversity/supplierprinciples. htm. One final point regarding the ethical policies of Citi would be that they operate a 24/7 ethics hotline where employees can report ethical concerns and remain anonymous to the extent that the law will allow. While it is unclear if the hotline is operated independently of Citi, (it appears as if it is not) there is a strong focus on confidentiality and although I was unable to identify the name of the individual, the Code identifies that Citi has an ethics officer.Leadership It is the responsibility of a leader to establish and foster the organizational climate. The leader’s ability to cast shadow or shed light will permeate throughout an organization and ultimately shape the culture. In short, regardless of who is named the formal ethics officer, the leader of the organization is charged with that duty. Citi is managed by an executive team of 24 senior leaders from key regions and divisions across Citigroup's global network. While the ethnic origins of the executive are not specifically mentioned, there appears to be a wide range of ethnic backgrounds on the executive committee.Unlike the Board of Directors however, the executive committee has only 1 woman, Cece Stewart who is the president of US, Consumer and Commercial Banking. Citi maintains a compensation philosophy that attempts to align compensation with their overall Mission statement. The key objectives of this philosophy are to; enhance shareholder value; attract talent; recognize contributions; manage risk; provide independent oversight; and transparency to all stakeholders. You can visit http://www. citigroup. com/citi/investor/data/comp_phil_policy. df? ieNocache=340 for further information on Citi’s compensation policy. Some evidence to support the integrity of Citi’s compensation practices would be that, according to the 2011 Proxy Statement, as part of the process for making incentive awards for 2011, the Personal and Compensation committee considered the April 2011 â€Å"say on pay† vote which received as 92. 9% favorable. Perhaps the vote was biased upwards as a result of Pandit’s decision to only accept a â€Å"total† compensation package of $1 for 2010, and most of 2009?While I was unable to find any concise data that represents the pay gap between the top executives and the front line employees, I am pretty confident that for all of 2010, and the better part of 2009, the CEO was the lowest paid employee of Citi. The table on the following page provides some compensation data for the past 3 years for the key senior executives of Citi. 3 Change in Value of Deferred All Other Compensation Compenstion ($) ($) 0 0 0 73,047 51,995 49,117 0 0 0 0 14,700 0 3,750 14,700 9,800 14,700 14,700 9,800 14,700 14,700 Executive Member Year Salary ($) 1,671,370 1 125,001 500,000 500,000 416,667 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000Bonus ($) 5,331,452 0 0 2,200,000 Stock Awards ($) 0 0 0 Option Awards ($) 7,839,581 0 0 Total ($) 14,857,103 1 128,751 7,160,916 4,728,462 5,063,817 12,984,481 9,509,800 11,276,454 11,354,536 0 0 11,446,900 10,116,895 10,400,007 Vikram Pandit CEO John Gerspach CFO John Havens COO Brian Leach Chief Risk Officer Manuel Medina-Mora CEO Latin America 2011 2010 2009 2011 2010 2009 2011 2010 2009 2011 2,333,333 2,039,836 4,166,667 4,583,333 4,750,000 2,719,781 9,000,000 10,327,374 434,380 5,400,000 2,039,836 5,000,000 3,400,000 2011 2010 2009 546,966 546,966 546,966 4,181,214 0 0 3,998,939 2,719,781 7,450,911 0 9,328,010 361,984 2,119,018 163,047 0 0 0 Source: taken from the 2011 Citi Proxy Report While on the surface, multimillion dollar compensation packages may appear egregious, however, for each of the executives above, approximately 50% of the total compensation package is deferred and/or exists under a multiyear vesting provision that is not only tied to tenure at Citi, it is directly tied to the performance of the organization. For 2011, there does appear to be a â€Å"traditional† pay gap between the CEO and the other â€Å"C’s† and I suspect that the gap widens significantly as you move down to the front line workers.By looking at just the total cash (salary and bonus) component of the compensation packages that range from a low of $2. 5 million to a high of $7 million, many people will undoubtedly feel several of the other condemning emotions. But to add a little perspective, for 2011, Citi’s charitable giving was more than 2 times the value of the total (cash and deferred) executive compensation of the individuals above. Also, at a total of $6. 4 billion, the 2011 commitment to climate change initiatives represented over 8% of Citi’s 2011 revenues, and almost 60% of net income.I must admit, besides a little wallet envy, I feel mostly admiration for the work, both social and economic that t he leadership of Citi has done that started in 2005, was derailed during the financial crisis, and has continued over the past few years. Based on this evidence, I would challenge an assertion that the current management is hoarding rewards at the expense of all other stakeholders. When Prince took over leadership of Citi in 2005, his calm, intellectual demeanor was quite the opposite of the â€Å"larger than life† charismatic CEO that preceded him.Since taking over from Prince in 2007, Pandit appears to have followed by example and has demonstrated some remarkable unselfish actions as he navigated Citi through the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression. Despite the critics of the financial industry, Citi, through sound leadership, ranks well on the triple bottom line accounting metrics that forms the foundation of Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) One of the biggest criticisms of CSR reporting is that it is simply a public re lations tool designed as window dressing to improve image.After the financial crisis of 2008, no other industry would have as many critics as the financial industry. To provide a little evidence of the integrity of an organization’s CSR claims may help st soothe the critics. Since the early part of the 21 century, Citi has been consistently been a constituent company of the Dow Jones World and North America Sustainability Indexes as well as the FTSE 4Good Index, and in 2011, Citi also became a component of the STOXX Global ESG Leaders indices. It is clear that the CSR activities of Citi are being recognized outside the organization and may have a little more credibility than window dressing.Citi defines its Corporate Social Responsibility framework as Global Citizenship. The three key focus areas of their citizenship efforts are; delivering financial solutions at affordable costs, sustaining the environment 4 and valuing Citi employees. Progress towards these three focus area s are provided as a summary page within the Global Citizenship report, but also as separate publication (attached as Appendix A). There are four key metrics for Financial Inclusion performance indicator. First, they provide charitable contributions (Strategic Giving), which at $121. 9 million for 2011 (1. % of net income), and represents an average annual growth rate of 13% since the end of the financial crisis in 2008. Second, is Small Business Lending, which at almost $8 billion for 2011, has grown by 75% since 2009, and actually surpassed the 2011 goal of $7 billion. nd The third metric is the provision of affordable housing lending, which at $2. 0 billion, places Citi, for the 2 consecutive year, the top affordable housing lender in the US. The final metric under Financial Inclusion is Global Microfinance. In 2011, Citi has provided microloans to almost one million lenders of which 92% of loans where to women.Under sustaining the environment performance indicator, Citi includes metrics for e-communications, clean energy, greenhouse gas emissions and using ESRM screening criteria for financial transactions. As one of the world’s leading credit card companies, Citi’s movement towards paperless statements has, at 29% penetration (2011), doubled since 2008. Under the clean energy metric, in 2007, Citi announced a 10 year, $50 billion commitment to activities directed at mitigating climate change. As of the end of 2011, 5 years in to the program, 73% of the total has been committed.Under the greenhouse gas emissions metric, in 2005, Citi announced a 10 year plan for a 25% reducing in greenhouse gas emissions. As of 2011, there has been a 13. 6% percent reduction since the 2005 baseline. In 2011, the integration of environmental and social factors into the traditional risk management screens for project financing covered over 400 projects globally. Citi appears to have a significant focus on environmental concerns through written policies and state ments as well as real action. Further information on Citi’s position on the environment and their ESRM polices can be found at http://www. itigroup. com/citi/environment/ The final area covered under the report card is the metrics that cover the way Citi values their employees. The key metrics are; training; satisfaction; diversity; and employee volunteering. Citi has a very diverse workforce, and though 61 network groups consisting of 15,000 employee members in 18 locations around the world, Citi encourages employee diversity and support. Employee satisfaction has been increasing since the end of the financial crisis and at 73% satisfaction for 2011; it represents an overall 10% increase since 2009.It is unclear whether the increase in a result of simply happy to have a job in a tough economy, or true job satisfaction, in any event, Citi appears to have a more satisfied workforce. Employee training has seen a remarkable increase since the 2008 financial crises. Training acti vities cover areas such as, leadership, management, product and compliance and since 2008; training hours have increased by over 80% at 38. 4 hours per year per employee. Employees of Citi provided almost 800,000 hours of volunteering activities during 2011, almost 30% growth over 2010.It seems that giving back to the community not only is evidenced by financial metrics but also by the employee’s action. Although Citi’s key performance indicators focus on; Financial Inclusion; Environmental Sustainability; and Valuing our Employees, the Global Citizenship report is quite extensive and can be viewed as a supplement to the Citi Annual Report. In addition to the three key focus areas covered above, the report also covers corporate governance, which is covered in the section that follows, as well as, how Citi serves the customer and maintains sustainable and diverse supply chain relationships.The report outlines both Citi’s achievements as well as the challenges the y face and breaks down Citizenship on a regional basis. In guiding their citizenship activities, Citi uses a stakeholder engagement approach to and list their stakeholders as; Customers; Investors; Employees; Regulators; Suppliers; Community Leaders; Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s); Socially Responsible Investors; Media; and Competitors. The communication channel used for each stakeholder and examples are included as Appendix B.Corporate Governance Corporate Governance has been defined as â€Å"The framework of rules and practices by which a board of directors ensures accountability, fairness, and transparency in a company's relationship with its stakeholders (financiers, customers, management, employees, government, and the community). † (Governance, 2012). As an appendix to the annual proxy statement, Citi provides the Citigroup Inc. Corporate Governance Guidelines. Consistent with the overall corporate mission, the corporate governance mission is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Citigroup Inc. the â€Å"Company†) aspires to the highest standards of corporate governance and ethical conduct: doing what we say; reporting results with accuracy and transparency; and maintaining full compliance with the laws, rules and regulations that govern the Company’s businesses. † (Citi Governance, 2012). This comprehensive document outlines the guidelines and policies with respect to the responsibilities, term, expected qualifications, and compensation of the Board and the committees thereof.Of notable mention in the governance policy would be the restriction against interlocking directorates, the requirement for personal stock ownership, and the annual review and assessment of board performance conducted by the Nomination, Governance and Public Affairs Committee. 5 One shortfall of the policy would be the lack of any set term for a board member. While there are two schools of thought with respect to fixed term appointments, in my opinion, the advantag e of bringing in fresh ideas with new board members would outweigh any potential loss of knowledge that would exit with an entrenched board member.I believe staggered board appointments with fixed term would be an enhancement to the Citi corporate governance policy. As mentioned in the Ethics and Compliance Codes section above, as a requirement to list on the NYSE, a company is required to have a formal code of ethics. In addition to this requirement, the NYSE also requires a minimum standard for the independence of directors. To meet the regulation, Citi would need a minimum of 9 independent directors. At the end of 2011, 11 of the 13 member board were independent. The two connected members were Pandit, and the Citi Chairman, Michael O’Neill.The remaining board members consist of a diverse group of active and retired business professionals, a philanthropic foundation president, a former state federal reserve bank official, a leader from the investment management community as well as Ivey league academics. Although only 3 of the board members are women, almost 40% of the members are visible minorities which also includes the Chairman and the CEO of Citi. Simply put, the Board of Directors of Citi is comprised of a very comprehensive representation of their stakeholder groups as identified in Appendix B.As of 2011, there are 5 standing committees of the Board: Audit; Risk Management and Finance; Executive; Personnel and Compensation; and Nomination, Governance and Public Affairs. A separate Charter exists for each committee that outlines the mission, duties and requirements regarding independence of the committee members. The Audit and Risk management committee is comprised of all independent directors. O’Neill is the current Chair of the Executive as well as the Personnel and Compensation Committees (non-voting) and he sits as a voting member of theNomination, Governance and Public Affairs Committee. Among other roles, the Nomination, Governance and Public Affairs Committee is responsible for the environmental sustainability and stakeholder engagement activities of Citi. Since 2005, non-employee directors receive $75,000 per year plus a deferred stock award valued at $150,000 on the date of issuance with a 2 year vesting period. With the requirement to own stock of Citi, as well as the deferred vesting of the majority of the compensation they will receive, directors of Citi are incented to act in the best interest of the organization.SEC Investigations As a publicly traded, multinational, diversified financial services organization, incorporated in the U. S. , it should not come as any surprise that in the course of their business dealings, both the organization and the individual staff of Citi will be subject to SEC litigations and investigations on a frequent basis. In fact, a search on the SEC website (http://www. sec. gov/litigation. shtml), and filtering the search parameters to include only â€Å"Litigation† an d â€Å"Regulatory Actions† you will actually find too many to list.In fact, since January 1, 2005, there have been a total of 284 Regulatory Actions and 140 Litigations that has Citi named. It would be quite misleading to state that all litigations listed Citi as the defendant, however from my brief review of some of the search results there appears to be complaints related to the accounting treatment of credit derivatives, fair value misstatements of sub-prime mortgage exposure, many of which listed most of the financial services industry. There was however one interesting investigation made in 2008 that questioned the independence of the Board of Directors.While I can’t comment too much on the ethical leadership of the firm leading up to the financial crisis, evidence such as the highly publicized investigations, along with the involvement in Worldcom and other major financial collapses, certainly cast a shadow on the past activities. However, during the tenure of t he current CEO, as well as his predecessor, the Board of Directors appear to have addressed many of the high level governance ethical shortcomings that were past investigations by the SEC.Conclusion Perhaps the most difficult aspect of conducting a review of an organization is coming to a definitive stance, based on concrete evidence, on the degree of ethical culture that exists inside the organization. Without living inside an organization, how can you state that ethical conduct permeates across all aspects of the firm activities? Operating in an industry that has undoubtedly has the highest level of public cynicism regarding ethical conduct, how could anyone take the stance that any financial services company scores well from any ethical standpoint?Despite this challenge, my impression from this review is that Citi does indeed rank well. Since taking over the firm in 2007, carrying on from Prince’s â€Å"Five Point Ethics Plan†, Pandit, has lead the firm back on firm er financial ground by shedding much of the troubled assets and refocusing the operation more towards a traditional banking model. Despite participating in the TARP and subsequently paying back all funds borrowed, under Pandit’s leadership, Citi has become one of the best capitalized banks in the U.S. He won high 6 praise from public opinion by accepting a total compensation package of $1 for most of 2009 and all of 2010, becoming undoubtedly, the lowest paid employee of Citi. Those types of unselfish acts, despite his personal net worth, should be viewed as a sign of an admirable leadership style. The critics statement that he doesn’t need/deserve the money is, in my opinion, ludicrous and shouldn’t overshadow what is a truly admirable action.An ethical culture starts with an ethical leader posed ready to lead by example and in my opinion, by his example, Mr. Pandit ranks very well. In addition to the profit motive, Citi approaches it business with a demonstrat ed commitment to environmental and social key performance metrics, engaging with all stakeholders, going above and beyond the simple legal requirements and acting as an agent of moral influence with suppliers.Adding to this ethical framework a very committed CEO, a strong board representing stakeholders, and ethics training, it’s hard to argue that the firm lacks a robust ethical framework. It appears as if the vision of Prince continues to be embraced by Pandit and Citi’s current leadership. While it may be a long road ahead in the court of public opinion, Citi appears to be on the right track to shed the degree of cynicism the financial industry has, but like most future outcomes, only time will tell. 7 References

Micheal Moore “Sicko”

I have heard of Mr.. Michael Moore doing controversial films on events In America, such as â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11†. After â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† I had not follow Mr.. Michael Moore. Since the movie â€Å"Kickoff' that Professor Irene Cola showed during class on Friday, February 28th, 2014 1 check to see what else Mr.. Moore was doing. It seems Mr.. Michael Moore has been very busy as more than a filmmaker but as an activist with the type of films he makes. The film â€Å"Clock† Is what I would call one of his activist film documentaries.This film was about the Health care In the united states and In Canada. The film to some point was used to put shame on the Insurance Health Care Industry in the united States. Mr.. Moore did this by showing his on film how the Insurance Health Care Industry in America has cause the death of people, financial hardship due to insurance or medical high cost. Mr.. Moore went as far as interviewing some Doctors as well as people who w orked for insurance companies that know from inside experiences the truth of the matter.The matter being, how people in America insurance claims or insurance policies are rejected by Insurance companies Just to save a buck. This is an outrage. Now to compare Mr.. Moore travel across the border to Canada; Mr.. Moore found out while in Canada that Health care was totally free. I had heard in the past from a Canadian the Health Care was free but, never thought much about it. Now after seeing how the Canadians do not have to pay for health care at all. I think that the United States should get on the same page as Canada. In conclusion I do believe that Mr.. Moore movie may have had an effect onBeamer being past in this country. I believe this because it became a world issue when the movie was viewed all over the world. It seems that this is what has to happen sometime to get the wheels in motion. Although Beamer Is not as benefiting as the health care in Canada it Is a start. All Americ ans will Just have to Walt for the next Health Care Insurance Reform. Michael Moore â€Å"Kicks† By guesthouse I have heard of Mr.. Michael Moore doing controversial films on events in America, Since the movie â€Å"Kicks† that Professor Irene Cola showed during class on Friday,Michael Moore has been very busy as more than a filmmaker but as an activist with The film â€Å"Kicks† is what I would call one of his activist film documentaries. This film was about the Health care in the United States and in Canada. The film to some point was used to put shame on the Insurance Health Care Industry in the United States. Happen sometime to get the wheels in motion. Although Beamer is not as benefiting as the health care in Canada it is a start. All Americans will Just have to wait for the next Health Care Insurance Reform.

Wal mart Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wal mart - Assignment Example Walmart Inc. operates more than 11,000 stores across 27 countries around the globe. Most of the international stores of Walmart are in Africa, Argentina, Brazil, China, Japan, Canada, Chile, Mexico, UK, and Central America. This is because they enjoy monopoly in countries without such vibrant stores and the population of the countries is a source of customers. b. Provide a trend analysis for years 2011, 2012 and 2013 as to where Walmart expanded and/or divested in its domestic and international markets. That is, where did they open and/or close their stores. Also pay attention to the type of stores they are opening and/or closing. Walmart has six different types of stores opened across the world. Among them is the Supercenter, quick-trip to a convenience store, Discount store, Sam’s Club warehouse stores, Campus convenience stores. The company decided to enhance selling of groceries since they learnt that food sells as compared to other stuff Consolidated net sales for the entire fiscal year were $466.1 billion representing an increase of 5.0% over fiscal 2012. Net sales included about $4.0 billion from acquisitions and approximately $4.5 billion of negative impact from currency fluctuations of exchange rate. Membership and other income was $3.0 billion, showing a decrease of 1.6 percent from the previous year. The total revenue was $469.2 billion increasing by $22.2billion or 5%. Income from continuing operations connected to Walmart was $17.0 billion, which is a 7.8 % increase from $15.8 billion in the previous fiscal year. 2013 fiscal was $5.02 as compared to last year’s $4.54, a 10.6% increase. The effective tax rate for the wholeyear was 31.0 percent, compared to 32.6 percent for the prior year. The trend in the analysis shows that Walmart has a financial graph that is rising between 2011 and 2013. This comes as a result of having a fiscal policy that is organized

Group conformity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group conformity - Essay Example It is important to note that some may obey and adhere to the requirements of the groups where they belong while others may oppose them. Whether they oppose or conform to the standards of their groups; one thing is sure - groups affect them either socially, psychologically or even physically. This paper will explore group conformity; its meaning, types, causes and effects, experiments on the same and recommendations. At the onset of this paper, it is expedient to be well acquainted with group conformity. According to the TheFreeDictionary, conformity is defined as, â€Å"action or behavior in correspondence with socially accepted standards, convections or rules.† Group conformity can also be defined as, â€Å"yielding to group pressures† and can also be called â€Å"majority influence or group pressure† (McLeod). For people to be accepted in the various groups, they must adhere to the norms and rules and regulations of such groups, and must behave in a manner acce pted by the group members. They have to alter their behaviors in a way that is acceptable to the written and unwritten codes of association of their groups. There are consequences associated with non-compliance and rewards for compliance with group norms. The consequences may include: rejection, seclusion and stigmatization. Since the consequences are unpleasant, people are forced to toe the line and follow the dictates of the group. Further, group pressure is reinforced by rewards like a psychological feeling of belonging, material benefits and acceptance. Group conformity is a great influence that alters the behaviors of people to be in line with what is expected by a group. At times people may be forced to suspend reasoning for compliance and for the survival of a group. Group conformity is a subject that has elicited a lot of debate in social sciences like psychology and it has been subdivided into various types. According to McLeod, â€Å"Man (1969) identified three types of c onformity; normative, informational and ingratiational.† In normative conformity, members of the group bow to the pressures of the group to allow them to fit in pursuit of the rewards. The driving force for compliance is the fear of the consequences that can be faced in the event of disobedience. McLeod observes that in normative conformity individuals bow to the majority pressure in the public arena but internally reject them. Let’s give an illustration: in political spheres, individuals often find themselves conforming to the notion of democracy but in the real sense the minority are always dissatisfied but they just move on with the group since they lack options. It is a fact that that learning is a life-long process and an individual who lacks knowledge may choose to change behaviors to fit in a group with the aim of acquiring the same; in essence that is informational conformity (McLeod). Knowledge is a very precious commodity in life and people often endeavor to o btain it since it is associated with power. This can be practical in a learning environment where one copes with the norms and the rules of a learning institution in order to acquire knowledge. Finally, ingratiational conformity is founded on people’s strong desire to benefit from the warmth of acceptance within the group and the kindness that they can derive from group membership. McLeod notes that this conformity is similar to normative conform

Strategic management in the tourism industry Essay

Strategic management in the tourism industry - Essay Example However other airports in London like Heathrow and Gatwick which have a much wider passenger base have much more advanced communication systems built by the likes of Siemens. (Businesswire, 2001). Another strength that is available to Luton over all other airports is its geographic location. It is situated in London which is not only the centre for business in the UK, but also one of the major tourist attractions that is offered by the European Union. People who are either on vacations or on business tend to visit London throughout the year. Therefore the number of passengers arriving in London based airports is fixed and sees a constant gradual increase every other year. But considering in London, there are four other airports, Luton strives to compete with the traffic generated throughout London (Greater and the City). Each of these airports caters to a different market and a different geographic segment thus each airport remains competitive and unique. The airport boasts of having a spacious parking lot where passengers can leave their automobiles over short or long periods of time. The valet parking system frees the owners of having to find their own parking space and provides the assurance of security to the owners who can have peace of mind while they are on their trip. In comparison, Heathrow and Gatwick which caters to a much higher number of passengers and parking area is unable to accommodate passengers who want to leave their cars in walking distance from the airport. (Luton-Airport, 2008) Another major strength of Luton airport which can be noted is the number of destinations which Luton airport passengers get to go to. Luton airport forwards passengers to 85 destinations worldwide. Being the 5th largest airport in UK, its passenger base has been increasing by 5% for a few years now. Compared to Gatwick's growth by 2.5% and Stansted's growth by 10%, one can say that Luton's growth has been average yet steady. Weaknesses of Luton Airport Due to the fore mentioned strengths, Luton has a large passenger turnover rate. Thus more passengers equate to more luggage and baggage being brought into and sent out of the airport. The sheer amount of baggage being transferred results in quite a few cases of lost baggage over time. Luton does not yet have sufficient resources to fully manage the problem of the handling of luggage and is facing problems in this regard. But even with the best technology and hi-fi RFID systems implemented by Heathrow airport to track the luggage, the first day at the opening of the new Terminal 5 saw a great deal of problems. In

Smartlipo laser liposuction technique explained to prospective Essay

Smartlipo laser liposuction technique explained to prospective patients - Essay Example rtlipo makes use of the tumescent technique, where highly diluted lidocaine and epinephrine are injected into the target fat tissues, so that they swell and become tumescent (meaning firm). Lidocaine is a local anesthetic while epinephrine helps in minimising blood loss. Then, the fat cells are broken down by using calibrated lasers and the fluid formed is easily suctioned off through a cannula, about 1-2mm wide. The traditional methods require the patient to be put under general anesthesia, causing much discomfort. Hospitalization is required, followed by weeks of slow recovery. Besides, surgical blood loss and bruising is higher. Smartlipo requires a very small incision in the skin for inserting the cannula, hence can be performed under local anesthesia. One doesn’t feel any pain during the procedure, and only a little pain after the anesthesia wears off, which can be easily taken care of with minor pain medications. Most patients need just one session of about 45 minutes to one hour for treating one body area. Recovery period is also very less compared to traditional methods. Many people return to work within two hours of the procedure, while some like to rest for a few days. Results can be seen immediately, with continued improvement over a period of three months. From then on, the skin looks completely normal, with hard to spot scars. The fat removed by Smartlipo doesn’t grow back in the treated areas in adults, eliminating the problem of regaining fat after losing it. Besides, the laser technology helps firm up the skin from under which fat removal has been done, thereby preventing ungainly sagging, so commonly seen in traditional liposuction methods. A Smartlipo session is followed by a doctor’s checkup and instructions. It is essential to follow the instructions strictly. One must take pain medications as directed and also use the compression bandages to prevent blood clotting and ensure quick healing. No other medicines like anti-inflammatory

Constructionist Model in Apple Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Constructionist Model in Apple Inc - Essay Example Individuals are driven by some forces which make them confident to buy a product after gaining full knowledge about it or the drives can often be negative which does not lead to the purchase of the product. The famous multinationals like Apple Inc. gives a lot of effort on their PR activities so that they are successful in communicating their message regarding the new products to the mass. The public relation activities by the companies involve communication of the useful ideas and the message regarding the changes and modification of the products. It also includes the launch of new products. The communication process is executed through various technologies which are mediated by the Public Medias some of which are also face to face communications. Background Brief about Apple Inc Apple Inc. which is formerly known as the Apple Computer, Inc. is a multinational corporation that is headquartered in California. It develops designs and sells, computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers. The best product line of the company is the Mac line of computers, iPhone Smartphone, iPod music player and iPad tablet computers. Its consumer software comprises the iOS and OS X operating systems, Safari web browser, iWork creativity iTunes media browser and iLife and productivity suites. The company was inaugurated on April 1, 1976 and was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. on January 3, 197. Apple is the second largest information technology company in the world after the famous Samsung Electronics and the third largest mobile phone makers after the established companies like Nokia and Samsung. Apple Inc. belongs to the computer hardware and software industry which have experienced incessant changes for the past five years. The changes are due to the advancement in technology and invention of new computer designs. The introduction of the new tablet computers has created huge demand for the retailers. In spite of the demand for the new technologies, sales ha ve faced erosion because of price deflation. Methodology and findings In the Part A-Portfolio-Media Analysis, the study has used multiple tasks in order to understand dimensions of advertising promotion of iPad of Apple Inc such as Placement of the advertisement, Audience Reach, Length of the advertisement, Tone and pertinent stakeholders for the advertisement. Is the study used mentioned task purely in Ad Hoc basis? Not really, because certain well defined public relation theories have guided the researcher to select the mentioned tasks. The researcher has taken help of traditional public relation theories in order to highlight role of each task within the communication cycle. Therefore, it can be said that In the Part A-Portfolio-Media Analysis, the study covered application of PR theories while key objective of this section is to make direct reference to academic text that are being the theoretical concept behind the tasks mentioned in Part A. In such backdrop, next sections of t he study will dig deep into the theoretical context of public relation and communication cycle. Public Relation (PR) Public relations (PR) can be defined as the practice of administration of the wide spread information between the organization and an individual or public. It may comprise of individual or organization which gains exposure by communicating with the audience using their interest and this activity does not require direct payment.

Does income inequality hurt economic growth Term Paper

Does income inequality hurt economic growth - Term Paper Example The essay further applies the Lorenz Curves model in investigating income distribution in Nigeria and KSA. A deep Lorenz curve implies high level of income inequality in a country. That is the case of Nigeria and KSA. Over the past generations, concern about rising or high-income inequality curtailed primarily from a credence that it is one-sided. In the contemporary world, however, the sources of concern have shifted. The leading concern now is whether income inequality can hurt economic growth. Similarly, income inequality can also have harmful effects on the outcomes people value, such as education, health, happiness, democracy and many other elements that have direct impacts on economic growth. Current studies indicate that income inequality does not only affect people at the bottom but also affects the nation as a whole. The studies explain that the growing income inequality may be the reason that inhibits economies from recovering from the excessive recession. As per a report by OECD, inequality slackens GDP growth through hindering the accumulation of human capital. This trend hurts long-term economic prospects, as well as educational outcomes for persons on the lesser section of a nation’s income ladder. In its recommendation, the report suggests a check-up against this propensity by capitalizing in education and health (OECD, 2015, p. 1). It also calls for a more direct method of assistance to help reduce inequality without hurting economic growth. Furthermore, OECD established that direct cash transfers may not slow down the growth of GDP when these policies are smartly designed, as well as implemented. Depiction based on harmonised data that cover the OECD nations over the past three decades, the econometric analysis submits that income inequality possesses a negative, as well as statistically significant influence on succeeding growth. In specific, the greatest issue is the breach between small income households and the better

Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein Essay Mary Shelley wrote the novel Frankenstein. The novel is also known as the modern Prometheus. Mary Shelley, her husband Percy and Lord Byron went to Lake Geneva. Lord Byron challenged the group to a ghost story. After that Mary Shelley had a dream which then made her start writing her ghost story. Her dream was of a boy which made a machine, a man, which showed signs of life. Mary then had the basis of her story and went on to complete the novel in 1817 and published it in 1818, in London when she was 18 years old. Another thing which influenced Mary in writing Frankenstein was Jean Jacques Rousseau, a French philosopher, writer and composer in the 18th century. She was deeply motivated by his thoughts and dreams. Her description in Frankenstein closely resembles her documentations of Rousseau’s wanderings throughout his days of exile. This probably gave her an idea of making the monster alone after her idea of a man made human machine. Also Mary knew that Rousseau abandoned his children to an orphanage which Mary disapproved of, but I think this gave her the idea of Victor abandoning his creation, this also happened to Mary when she was young and it also happened to Rousseau when he was young. They were both dreamers, yet outcasts and both found inspiration in loneliness and isolation. The novel Frankenstein is also called the modern Prometheus. The reason why the novels subtitle is called the modern Prometheus is because in Greek mythology, Prometheus was the titan who stole fire from god and gave it to man. Victor stole the secret of creation of life from god in a way because he created a being in the likeness of a man. He stole this ‘fire’ or power and bought it to man just like Prometheus did. Mary Shelley evokes a sense of horror when Victor Frankenstein says in (chapter 5): â€Å"It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils. † This was when Victor creates life, a being in the likeness of a man. ‘Dreary’ could be dull, gloomy and evil. She included the month of November to show that it is near the end of the year and it creates a dark setting. November’ is also a cold, dreary month. It is before December (the last month of the year) so it could mean before death. ‘Beheld’ is carrying out or something which you have already carried out. It can create a sense of dread because the thing being carried out could be an evil thing which was carried out. The word ‘accomplishment’ can be victory, creation or achievement. It could be victory or achievement of the creation of something evil which creates the dread. In this case it was the achievement of creating life. ‘Toils’ is the hard work and hard work is work which is done over a long time. So if it is work done over a long period of time, than it gives you the feeling that something wicked is being created behind all the hard work. The second link is that Prometheus was the one who made humans, just like Victor did from scratch. This had lot in common with the classic Prometheus; the dream and the creation of a new species; the disregard of limits. â€Å"I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. † The point where the new being had started its life also creates a sense of fear. ‘Dull’ is gloomy, dreary, evil and deadly. Yellow’ is a colour most commonly used in dangerous and dreadful creatures for the eyes and body so it makes the monster look bloodcurdling. The words ‘open’ and ‘breathed hard’ give the feeling of something is going to happen, a feeling of tension and suspense because it is the first breath of another human created and we do not know what is going to happen. ’Convulsive’ is the jerky muscular contractions resembling a spasm. It can also be the sudden violent movement of rage. It gives us a sense of terror because of the sudden violent movement; you do not know what the monster will do because he is a new creation. Agitated’ is disturbed or trouble. His limbs were troubled and agitated. You can also see it as being in a state of anxiety and not being calm, vigorously shaking back and forth and being restless. It can mean that the monster was impatient and keen to do something. Shelley creates this sense of horror in chapter 5 by making us feel that the monster is an evil person by describing him ‘dull’ and ‘yellow’. Also it creates horror because the monster has sudden violent movements as soon as he is born and is vigorously shaking because of his distressed state. There are 10 elements of a gothic novel. These are: set in castle, which often contains secret passages and hidden parts. Some of Frankenstein is set in darkness and horror for example when before Victor created the monster; he spent nights in churchyards and charnel houses collecting remains of dead bodies in places of dark and ghostly atmosphere. Here Shelley creates the horror. â€Å"As I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave† ‘Dabbled’ can be when you dip your hand or foot into a liquid. But it can also be when someone plays around with their work and experiment things. ’Unhallowed’ is the opposite of hollow, so it is something which is not empty inside. It can also be seen as someone treating something with disrespect or violating the sacredness of something, to remove something from the grave. ‘Damp’ is something which has moisture, a slight wetness on an object. This is related to the gothic element of a setting in darkness or castle. So here, Victor is playing around with the bodies, trying to get a perfect body for his creation when he is dabbling. You can tell it is a body he wants because unhallowed is when it is not empty, and the graves are not empty because they have dead bodies which could be slight wet because they are in the ground. He is raising a body from a grave in a dark graveyard to create a new life. This is how Shelley creates the dread in this gothic element in chapter 4. An atmosphere of mystery and suspense, were fear is often enhanced by the unknown. The terrible, gloomy weather creates suspense and are also metaphors for sorrow and distress. Some gothic novels also contain ancient prophecies which could be obscure, profound or confusing. It could be omens, portents, visions or disturbing dreams like when Victor had a horrifying dream foreshadowing Elizabeth’s death. He was dreaming of Elizabeth who was healthy, but it turned out to be his mum corpse who he was kissing. Shelley creates the sense of horror here when Victor tells of his dream after he created his creation. â€Å"I slept indeed, but I was disturbed by the wildest dreams. I thought I saw Elizabeth, in the bloom of health, walking in the streets of Ingolstadt. Delighted and surprised, I embraced her, but as soon as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death; her features appeared to change, and I thought I held the corpse of my dead mother in my arms, a shroud enveloped her form, and I saw the grave-worms crawling in the folds of the flannel. † This was the horrifying dream which Victor had in chapter 5. He thought he saw Elizabeth in the ‘bloom’ of health. A bloom can be a blossom or a flower or a seed starting to grow into a bud or flower. The dream starts off in a cheerful manner, but the fear starts to occur after he ‘embraces’ her. Embrace is when you meet someone, shake their hands, hug them or kiss them. But when he went to ‘imprint’ the kiss on her lips the delightfulness was blown away. Imprinted’ is when you stick, print, dent, mark or impress something or someone. Here it is used as printing a kiss on her lips. ‘Livid’ is something becoming discoloured, purple, bruised, enraged or unusual. ‘Hue’ is colour, a shade or tinge of colour. The lips became discoloured and unusual; they had the shade and colour of death on them. Shelley starts to create the sense of horror here. ‘Features’ are the characteristics of something. It is something which makes up an object or thing. Elizabeth’s features are the limbs and all parts of her body like the nose and eyes. They all started to change. ‘Corpse’ is a dead body. ‘Shroud’ is a covering, blanket, veil or cloak. ‘Enveloped’ is when something encloses on an object or when something surrounds it, an attacking force. ‘Flannel’ is a soft light piece of woollen fabric. I think Shelley used this dream to show that Victor regretted making his creation. As soon as he made it, he abandoned it. The dream was probably trying to tell Victor that he had done something very awful. Also, as soon as the dream had finished and he woke up, the monster was standing over him. The corpse in his dream could be the monster and it could be a vision telling him that your creation will do the same to you; he will be pleasant to you at first like the ‘bloom of health’ but then turn horrific like the corpse and hate you if you turn away from him. It can also mean that Victor is Elizabeth, a lovely, determined man, but after creating the monster he turned heart-less and deadly like the corpse and it comes to hunt him. Supernatural inexplicable events, dramatic, amazing events occur. In Frankenstein, the monster is the supernatural being when he is created. High emotion, characters are often overcome by anger, sorrow, surprise and most often, terror like in Frankenstein the monster is very heart-broken as he finds out no one loves him, even though he loves many humans, so he becomes angry, distraught and lonely. Some gothic novels also have women in distress, threatened by a powerful, tyrannical male. They also have metonymy of gloom and horrors e. g. wind, rain, moans and howls. Terrible weather used by Mary Shelley for dread and horror in Frankenstein is an example of this. It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out. † This was at the beginning of chapter 5 when Victor finishes creating his creation. Shelley used dreadful weather (a gothic element) and the completion of Victor’s creation at the same time to create the sense of horror. The monster opened his eyes just after the heavy rain started to beating against the panes. ’Pattered dismally’ is when the rain patters on your window in a dreadful and cheerless manner. ‘My candle was nearly burnt out’. It tells you how dreadful the weather was. The candle was almost burnt out inside a room, and as soon as the candle was almost burnt out, the monster opened his eyes. Shelley used this in an obvious way to create tension and that dread of the horrendous weather and light being gone out from the room combined with the yellow eyes of the monster opening. The monster in Frankenstein is symbolic of many things. Misogyny is one of them. Victor left Elizabeth for his determination of learning new ideas and to feed his craving for knowledge and learning. We sat late. We could not tear ourselves away from each other, nor persuade ourselves to say the word ‘farewell! ’ It was said; and we retired under the pretence of seeking repose, each fancying that the other was deceived. † It is symbolic of Frankenstein (the monster) because the monster stopped the doctor from being with Elizabeth. It may be a symbol of science because it is repeatedly shown in the novel as an alternat ive way of understanding the world to that offered by religion. The monster is a warning against scientific progress. The creature represents this in both its power and its deformities (both physical and moral). The warning against scientific progress is shown when Victor creates a new being and all the casualties which occur after for going advance in science, like the death of Victors brother and Elizabeth, and the loneliness, isolation and being neglected causes the creature rage and sorrow, which after causes him to become evil. It may be symbolic of the parent child relationship. The monster grows up unloved, nameless and untutored-it is a moral lesson to parents about their obligations to their children. Shelly’s tragedy is similar. She lost her mother 10 days after she was born and grew up alone most of the time, so she could be making the monster symbolic of her. It symbolises destructive nature of dangerous ambition in psychological tale. It also considers the question of whether man is born evil or made evil by society, as we see in Frankenstein, the monster is born loving and caring, but the rejection of Victor and other humans made him loose his love and was made evil by society. Shelley uses the monster to symbolise those who have lost their freedom. His purpose is political. Frankenstein contains romanticism. The romantic period had an influence on Mary Shelley. This novel contains many elements of romance, but there are three main ones. These are powerful love, unreturned love and uncertainty of reciprocation. The monster had powerful love when he was born, he was not born evil. He loved Victor very much and begged him for the redeeming power of love. But Victor disliked the monster and abandoned him and his duty to look after his creation. This was unreturned love, the second element, where the monster loved Victor, but he did not give the love back. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened, and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped, and rushed downstairs†. ‘Inarticulate’ is someone who is speechless, who is not speaking clearly, and hesitating and mumbling. ’grin’ is a smile, smirk or a pleasant beam. ‘Detain’ is to hold someone, arrest or capture someone. You can see this as a non-evil side and an evil side. The negative way you can see this is the monster opening the bed curtain and fixing his eyes on Victor, as if he was going to do something to him. This is where Shelley starts to create the fear. His mouth opened to say something, he may have wanted to curse Victor or say something unpleasant towards him for creating him and then running away from him. His hand was probably stretched out to capture Victor and hold him a prisoner, before Victor runs away. I think that this is unreturned love. This is where the monster wanted to be loved, and he loved Victor. I see this as a non-evil side. The monster opened the bed curtains to wake up Victor from his horrific dream which the monster could see because of Victor’s convulsive limbs, he wanted to help Victor. His eyes were fixed on Victor because it was the first time he ever saw him properly and wanted to be loved by him. When he opened his mouth to say something, he probably wanted to say some compassionate words and then when he stretched his hands out, he probably wanted to hold Victor and hug him for creating him; for giving him life again. But Victor probably thought he was trying to attack him so he escaped, but I think that the monster wanted love which was not returned to him. An example of the third element is when the monster watched and studied a family of cottagers, he felt as if he was part of their family without even meeting them. Even after the cottager’s rejection, he still had hope that they would accept him. This shows the uncertainty of reciprocation, where someone is uncertain if something is going to be returned. In Frankenstein, the monster is the example of this, he is unsure if he is ever going to be loved. The Enlightenment was a very optimistic, yet realistic, era in history. It found people rallying for major changes to take place. The attitude of the Enlightenment was to question everything and think deeply about its meaning, challenging the importance and validity of tradition. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Shelley portrays ideas about progress, optimism, liberty, fate, happiness, nature, and the physical world in a manner that supports Enlightenment attitudes. The enlightenment age encouraged everyone to use reason and science in order to rid the world of barbarism and superstition. In Frankenstein, Shelley argues that Frankenstein’s role as an enlightenment hero, not only pulled him out of nature, but made him a slave to his creation, and that Frankenstein’s role as a revolting romantic failed, because he did not take responsibility for his creation and mankind must find a balance between the enlightenment and romantic ideologies. When Victor takes a moment to ponder upon a story from his youth, we get a glimpse at the Enlightenment view of fate. Victor recalls a time when he was fifteen and lightning not just split, but splintered, a tree near his house. A well researched natural philosopher just happened to be with him at the time, and when he explained the scientific concepts that had destroyed the tree, Victor immersed himself in the study of mathematics and the sciences related to mathematics. â€Å"As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards issue from our house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump. When we visited it the next morning, we found the tree shattered in a singular manner. It was not splintered by the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribands of wood. I never beheld anything so utterly destroyed. † ‘Behold’ is to see, to hold, to think or be felt. ‘Stream’ is the smaller part of a river. It is also used for something wavy or floating. ‘Issue’ is a subject, concern, problem, number or copy. I think in this quote it means rising. The ‘oak’ is a type of wood and also a tree name. ‘Dazzling’ is something shining or glimmering in your eyes, and lighting is the dazzling here. ‘Blasted stump’ is a blown and horrible base or remain. Shattered’ is something broken, devastated, crushed or traumatized. A ‘singular manner’ is a shocking, extraordinary way. ‘Ribands’ is pieces of material. So in chapter 2 Victor says about how he saw a wave of fire rise from an old tree outside his house. The tree had disappeared as soon as the lightning had struck it and all that remained was the base of the tree. When he visited it the next morning, the tree was crushed in an astonishing way. It was reduced to strips of woods and he had never seen anything like this before. The enlightenment encouraged people to use science and reason to rid of false ideas and beliefs. After Victor had seen this, a man of great research of natural philosophy was with him and he explained to Victor about electricity and galvanism (electricity produced by chemical action and in biology, galvanism is the contraction of a muscle that is stimulated by an electric current). Victor had never heard of these theories or ideas before about electricity. This was new to him and in future when he made his monster he used electricity from lightning to stimulate the body of movement. There is a small amount of dread and horror which Shelley has created in this quote. Words like vanishing, disappearing, shattered and splintered give you negative feelings of something happening. This can be the story of Victor when he just finished creating the monster. â€Å"As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards issue from our house†. This can be Victor standing at the door when his creation is about to be finished and he saw a new body rising from an old body which stood about 20 yards from him. And as soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump. When we visited it the next morning, we found the tree shattered in a singular manner†. And as soon as the creature was born, Victor disappeared, the tree could be Victor, and nothing remained but the monster. When Victor visited it the next morning, the monster was traumatized and devastated in a shocking way because he was left alone at his birth. It was not splintered by the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribands of wood. I never beheld anything so utterly destroyed† He was not devastated by being created again, but because Victor abandoned him and Victor could not believe he created a new being. This vision which he saw of the lightning could have been a warning to him not to go ahead with his ideas; otherwise there would be danger and consequences. The dream which he had in Chapter 5 after creating the monster, could have been telling him that he is now in danger and he has consequences for creating the monster.

Freedom of Speech

Freedom of Speech Freedom to say what you want To me, the right of freedom of speech in the first amendment or correction in the Constitution is a standout amongst the most significant rights American natives have. It implies that I can voice and express my individual assessments and maintain the first objectives of our administration. To start with, this provides for me the right to voice and convey what needs be wherever and at whatever point I pick, as long as I dont meddle with any other individual Constitutional rights. Second, the United States might be in a to a great degree frail state if nationals didnt have the right to Freedom of speech. Without Freedom of speech in our Bill of Rights, individuals couldnt remain up for what they have confidence in (Kanovitz, 2010). I imagine that if an individual has an idea or point they need to voice they ought to have the ability to without anything remaining in their direction. Besides, not having this right might imply that it might be almost outlandish for specific associations to structure on the grounds that they wouldnt have the capacity to express their perspectives. Additionally, since the United States has the freedom of speech, natives have the capacity to have a bigger voice in their legislature (Kanovitz, 2010). These individuals who voice their conclusions can influence their legislature authorities position on present issues. Freedom of speech is an imperative good on the grounds that it permits presentation toward oneself, and at last gives worth to the single person. I accept that free discourse amplifies past the logos-based contention and I accept that free discourse involves more than that of what Peter guarantees, that there is to be no former control. I accept that the method of reasoning based off of Peter; most satisfactorily speaks to the idea of free discourse. This is on account of Peter is not at all like whatever possible savant; he centers his philosophical establishing on the thought that there is not a flat out destination truth. Diminish avows the thought that if there is no total truth then no two people will recognize esteem and truth in the same way; hence, Peter infers that the reason that we communicate is for our own particular fulfillment toward oneself. Dwindle grounds his convictions on the singular and the esteem that discourse has on him or her. He doesnt accept that Freedom o f speech as well as interpretation is a methods in which people can work to make an aggregate great, or profit social order overall, yet opportunity of discourse is an intends to enhance ones own particular self (singer, 1994). It is my conviction that discourse ought to keep on being ensured under the laws of the Constitution and the Harm Principle in light of the fact that by restricting discourse government will be compelled to comply with what social order esteems to be regularizing practices, subsequently defaming the convictions of the individuals who dont fall under the dominant part. The Harm Principle is dependent upon this conviction that The main reason for which power could be legitimately practiced over any part of a humanized group, without wanting to, will be to avert mischief to others. (Law publish, 2011) I accept that this is amazingly huge on the grounds that it is difficult to control a distinctive feelings; it is inadequate to say that what will terribly insulted one man will likewise horribly irritate an alternate. Since nobody will have the same enthusiastic pain it is difficult to control utilizing any hypothesis that builds its discipline with respect to discourse that insults. I accept that free speech ought to dependably be ensured. It is just when discourse shows an immediate peril that distinct activities ought to be constrained. At last what we need most is the security of people. With a specific end goal to accomplish this it is important to ensure the residents from immediate mischief while additionally taking into account opportunity of outflow to happen. Free discourse eventually gives worth to the distinct notwithstanding if the discourse is disrespectful, rebellious, or passionate as long as it remains peaceful then it ought to remain ensured under the First Amendment (First Amendment in History, 2010). Nonetheless, in cases that do instigate some ethical or physical mischief it is important to take a gander at this nearly; it is essential for the administration to give a forcing motivation to manage or rebuff the discourse. I accept that the regulations that I have actualized ought to be the most extreme measure of regulation on free discourse. This is on account of people ought to have the right to talk their psyche and communicate anyway they need. Government ought not to be permitted to place regulations on representations as long as it doesnt physically impel hurt and the administration does not have the power to limit free-gliding plans. At last the flexibility to convey what needs be is dependent upon the quality of the discourse to the single person. Nonetheless, I dont accept that it is sensible to accept that all nations will utilize my model as a foundation. This is on account of I accept that nearby society will play excessively incredible of a part. In this way, I accept that this model ought to be actualized as an objective for all countries to attain. The base measure of free discourse to be secured might vary from mine (Tueber, 1988). All in all, I accept that freedom of speech is an extremely fundamental piece of our administrations relationship between residents and government authorities. In the event that we didnt have freedom of speech, our administration wouldnt be of the individuals, by the individuals, for the individuals (Monk, 2003); government authorities might be settling on all the choices. To emphasize, Freedom of speech might be something that can help a unique express their idea on something or it can help and singular damage an alternate race/type of individuals without results because of the boundless opportunity of discourse. In the event that Freedom of speech was restricted, it might help control a great deal of separation and the mobs on the grounds that they can get charged for it and be captured. At last, that is the thing that opportunity of discourse intends to me. Works Cited First Amendment in History. (2010). Retrieved from Illinois First Amendment Center: http://www.illinoisfirstamendmentcenter.com/history.php Kanovitz. (2010). Freedom of Speech. New Providence (pp. pp. 42-87). New Jersey: Matthew Bender and Company, Inc. Law publish. (2011). Retrieved from Advertising is Protected by the First Amendment: http://www.lawpublish.com/amend1.html Monk. (2003). First Amendment. Retrieved from Interactive Constitution: http://72.32.50.200/constitution/details_explanation.php?link=120const=08_amd_01 singer, P. (1994). Ethics. Oxford. Tueber. (1988, March). Original Intent or How Does the Constitution Mean? Retrieved from The London Review of Books: http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/origintent.html

The American Revolution Was NOT Justified :: Americas Unjust Revolution

Any historical event with-world changing consequences will always have two sides to the story. What most Americans refer to today as the American Revolution is no different. As Americans, most of us view eighteenth-century England as a tyrannical power across the ocean, and see men like George Washington as heroes who fought against the oppressor. If history and wars were that simple, everyone would understand them, and the need for wars would be diminished. The truth is, England was not the least bit tyrannical to the colonies. Actually, the rebels had no idea, nor any intention of establishing a new and separate government "of the people, by the people, and for the people." They only meant to make a statement and attempt to avoid every tax that Parliament could dream up in the process. Across the Atlantic Ocean in England's Parliame nt, some men such as William Pitt and Edmund Burke understood opposition to taxes by the American colonists. After all, the colonies had been all but ignored by England since they were established in the early part of the seventeenth century up until the Seven Years War (1756 - 1763). Other men such as George Grenville and Charles Townshend did not understand at all the protests against any taxes implemented by Parliament . These men felt that was not only the right of Parliament to demand taxes, but also their duty to raise money for the Crown. Parliament had the power to demand a tax of every British citizen in the empire, and these men had developed their own ideas about how those taxes would be implemented.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Essays Papers

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Passage Analysis: First Morning in the Green Castle Sir Gawain plays a significant role in many Arthurian legends in the Middle Ages. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight he is the main hero, a warrior, with the concentration on the upcoming battle, rather than a seducing knight. During Gawain's visit to Bercilak's castle, the host's wife makes three advances to seduce Gawain into an adulterous relationship. With all his will power he tries to ignore advances of the Bercilak's wife. Some of the chivalric values, courage, respect for hospitality, honesty, pride, nobility and courtly love, help Sir Gawain in his query. The latter scenes explore the world of men and the appropriate environment for male chivalric actions. The lord is in the lead, the courageous and most active of the hunters. The bedroom scenes show another world of male-female relationship, where again, the knight proves his noble standing and devotion to true knighthood. Before the daylight, in the morning, the host and his huntsmen set out after the boar. The poet describes in detail how cheerful the all-day-long hunt is, using a lot of details and images: there are men with "mighty bows," brave knights and their flying arrows, a lot of horns and barking hounds. Many hunters fear for their lives but the lord, the bravest of them all and a true knight, shows the example by leading the chase for the boar because it is his duty to be a shining example to his people. "And many feared for their lives, and fell back a little. But the lord on a lively horse leads the chase." [Norton, 1463-1464] In the next scene, the poet turns away from the hunting scene to the Sir Gawain's bedroom in the castle, where he peacefully awakens from sleep. It seems that the poet intentionally positions the bedroom scenes within the hunting scenes: the symbolic hunt juxtaposed with the literal hunt. The lady, the host's wife, carefully enters the room. She sits beside him on the bed and he pretends to be surprised at seeing her here. The passage revolves around the host's wife attempts to seduce Sir Gawain, and he tries to avoid the consequences of such thing happening. She is a real temptress, tests his courtesy, virtue, decency, and a real object of courtly love, but he acts in accord with court's rules of love.

Lady Macbeth :: essays research papers

(1.5.57-58) In this scene Lady Macbeth believes that Macbeth lacks the ability to fulfil the witches’ second prophecy. She learns that Duncan is coming to visit her and she calls upon supernatural agents to fill her with cruelty. Lady Macbeth says â€Å"Come, thick night, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this quote she is asking the supernatural agents to fill her with the darkest smoke of hell. (5.1.38) In this scene a gentlewoman who waits on Lady Macbeth has seen her walking in her sleep and has asked a doctor’s advice. Together they observe Lady Macbeth make the gestures of repeatedly washing her hands as she relives the horrors that she and Macbeth have carried out and experienced. Lady Macbeth says â€Å"Hell is murky.† She is remembering the murder that she and Macbeth committed. She states, â€Å"Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?† remembering how bloody the Macbeth’s hands were. She felt horrified that they had committed this evil act of murder. These two quotes go together because first she is asking to be filled with the darkness of hell and then says later in the play that hell is murky. These two quotes show that she had asked to be filled with hell and then later after committing these sinful actions she describes hell as being dark and unclear. (2.2.82-83) Here in this scene Lady Macbeth is talking to Macbeth about the murdering of Duncan. Macbeth’s hands were red with blood from killing Duncan and Lady Macbeth says â€Å"My hands are of your color, but I shame To wear a heart so white.† This quote means that she is in the middle of this incident but she wishes not to be in it because of its brutality. She feels ashamed because she made Macbeth make sure he fulfilled the witches prophecies. (5.1.44-45) In this scene Lady Macbeth is sleep walking and is commenting on the wife of the Thane of Fife. â€Å"The Thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now?† This quote shows that she is afraid now for her and her husband. She realizes that the consequences of their actions will now decide their future, and her future does not look good. She is also wondering if she will ever be forgiven for her and her husbands evil actions. These two quotes show how Lady Macbeth feels about being a wife of a thane and about the murdering of Duncan.

Examining the relationship between Management Accounting (MA) and Operation Management

In order to come up with the correct relationship between Management Accounting ( MA ) and Operation Management ( OM ) in footings of heightening the organisational public presentation which are stairss in a concatenation taking to increased house value, it should give some practical definitions to the both of the footings. Atkinson, Banker, Kaplan and Young ( 2001 ) defined direction accounting as the procedure of designation, measuring, accretion, analysis, readying, reading and communicating of information used by direction to be after, measure and command within an entity and to guarantee appropriate usage of and answerability for its resources. Kaplan and Cooper ( 1986, 1989 ) defined it as â€Å" the ability of direction accounting patterns ( MAP ) in supplying relevant, seasonably & A ; accurate information to direction for planning, control & A ; determination devising intents is questioned † While the operation direction focuses on carefully pull offing overall activities associated with Product and services direction such as: merchandise creative activity, development, production and distribution every bit good as the activities pull offing purchases, stock list control, quality control, storage, logistics and ratings. Furthermore, it involves the duty of guaranting that concern operations and efficient in footings of utilizing as small resources as needed, and effectual in footings of meeting client demands. Thamboo ( 2008 ) described operation direction â€Å" involves all the activities that converts inputs such as natural stuffs, semi-finished goods, capital, work force, installations and machinery into finished merchandises and services † . In the same manner that MA, OM is a subject with its ain propositions for how to pull off administrations. Where MA is based on accounting Numberss in hierarchal flows of information enabling planning and control, OM is more concerned with technological, architectural and organizational rules established to ease the sidelong flow of goods and services. Great figure of new OM techniques such as Computer Aided Design ( CAD ) ; Computer Aided Manufacturing ( CAM ) , kanban, cross-functional squads and procedure function ingrained in entire quality direction ( TQM ) , merely in clip ( JIT ) or automated patterns focus on the integrating of functional sections, activities and organizational ends, and change the very nature of the planning and control undertakings in operations, which, in bend affect the function of MA. Therefore, this survey aims to understand the responses that have been made within the MA subject in respect to new operational patterns. The survey intend to depict the literature that straight addresses the challenge/barriers from incorporate fabrication /innovations and the altering features of MA design and patterns that have been appointed. Subsequently, the paper will reflect upon possible research inquiries for the hereafter, in order to derive new penetration into the relationship between MA and OM ( Hansen & A ; Mouritsen, 2007 ) . The paper is organised as follows. The following subdivision outlines cardinal issues in relation and new operations direction patterns. Then, it describes how operations direction research depicts the job of accounting and follows this with an lineation of operations direction accounting – a natural tenseness than describes the MA inventions that ought to get the better of the misfit between MA techniques and altering environment of operation patterns. Hereafter the paper describes how the challenges / barriers from inventions in OM have been debated in MA research. The subsequent measure is the findings and recommendations. Finally, the paper ends with a brief decision.2.0 Cardinal Issues in Relation and New OM PracticesManagement accounting calculates organizational public presentation for decision-making, coordination and motive utilizing techniques such as cost allotment, duty Centres, transportation monetary values, merchandise costing, public presentation measuring and budgeting. All are expectA ­ed to lend to increased house value. Operations direction has a parallel docket, but has other techniques. These specify flows of stuffs, resources and merchandises, lineation layout in fabrication and service scenes and are concerned with non-financial facets of public presentation such as clip, quality, flexibleness and invention, which are stairss, in a concatenation taking to increased house value ( Hansen & A ; Mouritsen, 2007 ) .2.1 Operations direction accounting – a natural tensenessIn order to understand the nature of engagement of operations directors and direction comptrollers in determinations about operational procedures this subdivision briefly outlines their several cardinal undertakings. As a consequence it is suggested that their differing functions and positions may take to a natural tenseness between these two groups of people ( Johnston, Brignall, & A ; Fitzgerald, 2002 ) .2.1.1 The function of the operations directorThe cardi nal undertakings for operations directors include ( Slack et al. , 2001 ) : developing and implementing operations schemes associating the operation to corporate scheme in order to derive competitory advantage ; planing merchandises and services and the procedures by which they are created and delivered ; planning and commanding the stuffs, clients and information used in the procedure to make the goods and services, on clip, every clip ; Continually bettering the operation to do it be effectual and competitory.2.1.2 The function of the direction comptrollerThere are three chief activities undertaken by the accounting and finance map in most administrations, which in little concerns may be performed by the same individual: daily recording of fiscal minutess and their periodic coverage to external parties, chiefly stockholders ; fiscal direction, including determinations on the mix of finance and dividend policy ; Management accounting Management accounting systems generate fiscal information to run into three chief demands ( Drury, 2000 ) : a periodic allotment of costs between cost of goods sold and stock list ; the proviso of information on both an ad hoc and regular periodic footing to help managerial determination devising ; the proviso of information for planning, control and public presentation measuring. A big portion of the activities of direction comptrollers concerns the operation of systems of budgetary control, sometimes referred to as â€Å" managing by the Numberss † ( Ezzamel et al. , 1990 ) . The operation of budgetary control requires that directors be made accountable for those costs and grosss for which they are responsible and which are governable by them. Budgetary control involves puting budgets and so doing periodic comparings of existent public presentation with budget, followed by appropriate action and organizational acquisition ( Fitzgerald et al. , 1991 )2.1.3 A natural tensenessIt is at regular meetings to compare existent public presentation with budget that operations directors and direction comptrollers run into. The direction comptrollers run the systems whereby operational budgets are set, capital undertakings are approved or rejected, and operational directors are held to account. This is ground adequate to understand that there may good be a natura l tenseness between the direction comptrollers and operations directors. Basically, the natural tenseness between operations directors and direction comptrollers is the consequence of their differing positions on two issues. First, operations directors tend to be focused on determination devising today and in the hereafter whereas comptrollers are traditionally concerned with describing on past events. Second, when it comes to bettering procedures, operations directors are looking for ways and means to alter, on the premise that what they do should better the administration ‘s fiscal place. Management comptrollers, on the other manus, being concerned with fiscal coverage, and responsible for budgetary control, are less concerned about alteration per Se and more concerned about the demand to be convinced, in fiscal footings, before any alteration can take topographic point.2.1.4 Tension and the grade of alterationThe cardinal premise of this paper is that this tenseness is likely to evident itself most strongly where operations directors and comptrol lers are brought closely together, for illustration when operations directors are seeking to convey about betterments to operations procedures which may hold an impact on budgets and capital outgo. Process alteration, such as the execution of new computer-based procedures or equipment, alterations in bringing systems such as Internet-based trading, or the restructuring of bing procedures, functions and duties, may good affect determinations on capital outgo, hazard appraisal, allotment of costs, the pulling up of budgets and execution of new fiscal and operational control systems ( Lynch & A ; Cross, 1991 ; Nanni et Al, 1990, 1992 ; Shank & A ; Govindarajan, 1993 ) .2.2 Issues in New OM PracticesMany complex direction conA ­cepts have been introduced to define better ways to pull off modern operations. Entire quality direction ( TQM ) , merely in clip JIT ) , thin fabrication, agile manuA ­facturing, time-based direction, universe category fabrication and flexible manufacA ­tu ring are merely a few illustrations. In 1974, Skinner argued that the function of fabrication or operations is strategic. Several observers, research workers and others have followed his suggestions for increasing a company ‘s competitory advantage through fabrication ( Hayes & A ; Wheelwright, 1984 ; Schonberger, 1986 ; Womack et ah, 1991 ) . Figure 1 shows how four cardinal dimensions of a fabrication system differ between two alternate attacks to planing operations to suit alterations in the environment. One design produces at a low cost and the other, whilst more costA ­ly, can bring forth more differentiated merchandises that sell at comparatively higher monetary values. The system on the right of Figure 1 is a mass-producer with high modus operandi and predictabiliA ­ty, while the system on the left is flexible and complex i.e. the first represents a fabrication system run for maximal efficiency, whereas the other dressed ores on flexibleness. Actual designs implement these rules in some signifier. But, before exemplifying this, it is utile to present the opposA ­ing thoughts about mill and operations administration that are built-in in stuffs ‘ demand planning ( MRP ) system and merely in clip ( JIT ) rules, since they illusA ­trate the control jobs encountered in such production systems.2.3 Critical C ontemplations on â€Å" The Problem of Accounting † Management Accounting Position:Hansen & A ; Mouritsen ( 2007 ) mentioned that it is a functional to alter functions and map of direction accounting while altering the operations environments sing to this affair this subdivision highlights the apparent jobs. Equally good as, there are several reviews against accounting could be summarized as follows: Accounting operations are wholly promoted on fiscal public presentation steps instead than non-financial steps. Accounting operations are promoted on hierarchal instead than sidelong dealingss. Accounting operations are promoted on criterion ( position quo ) state of affairs instead than betterment. Accounting operations are promoted on control instead than authorization. Management accounting may good hold a axial rotation in the new fabrication scene. The undermentioned four claims would explicate why: First claim: Relevance is lost because accounting promotes fiscal public presentation steps instead than non-financial steps. There are two grounds that justify why non-financial steps are more of import in fabrication. The first claim is that schemes concentrating on cost efficiency are largely changed by distinction other schemes focused on flexibleness, velocity and quality because fabrication could unite both types of schemes. Consequently, these schemes could be obtained at the same clip. The 2nd statement is that fiscal public presentation steps are excessively abstract and non operational to steer sceptered workers in the new fabrication systems because those workers need more operational information to do right determinations. Although, fiscal accounting information is frequently portrayed as irrelevant and excessively aggregated for the determination shapers every bit good as fiscal public presentation steps has used as a store floor and fiscal information is valuable at the store floor if reorganized it can be stimulus for betterment of the fabrication system. Activity based costing has been used as a solution for this job by supplying more accurate cost information that are aligned to the operational world. Finally cost accounting has been related to concerns about production clip. Therefore direction accounting seem to be important in thin fabrication systems because it provides information for operators for local determination devising and larning contributes to understanding the economic sciences of the new fabrication schemes every bit good as creates inducements harmonizing to the ends of thin fabricating systems. Furthermore, non fiscal information may non needfully be more existent. Second claim: Relevance is lost because accounting promotes hierarchical instead than sidelong dealingss. The complexness and kineticss frequently present in new operational scenes are presumed to be better accommodated by sidelong instead than hierarchal coordination to guarantee quality, flexibleness, invention and productiveness. New organisational devices, such as multi-skilled workers, cross-functional footings, self-management rules and affair functions, are proposed as replies to complex and dynamic environment that require fast and advanced responses. The single determination shapers in the value concatenation do non needfully have cognition of the whole value concatenation even when there is common integrating with the determination shaper future upstream and downstream. In bend, a hierarchy may make inducements or supply information that enables the sidelong orientation. Operation direction review with accounting may be that operation direction ‘s attending to nonfina ncial steps does non acknowledge how accounting creates the infinite within which nonfinancial steps are used. Third claim: Relevance is lost because accounting promotes standardization instead than larning and uninterrupted betterments. Standards do non excite persons to transcend criterions. Furthermore, criterions are frequently considered as mechanisms that lead to stand in optimisation in organisations. Standard can hold different belongingss and there may be a disagreement between motivational and planning intents. For case, effectual motive frequently requires criterions that are higher that what is usually accomplishable and frequent accommodation is necessary. In contrast, any job with standard scene may impact employees ‘ public presentation due to dispute of asymmetric information. Directors and supervisors do non needfully cognize the occupation or procedure that they evaluate and employees may work that for their ain benefits in this instance the solution is seting or enrooting the trust between directors and supervisors on the one side and employees on the other. Finally, It could be said that the standard scene and sidelong dealingss do non needfully to conflict because that relies upon what criterions are set for and what is the end of this criterion every bit good. Fourth claim: Relevance is lost because accounting promotes top-down control instead than authorization. The impressions of self-management and empowerment, indispensable in thin fabrication systems, run counter to accounting Numberss that are diagnostic levers of control whereby operations are planed monitored and evaluated by upper degree directors. Self direction implies that governments for determination devising and control are given to the employees. Here, accounting Numberss are synergistic levers of control used for single acquisition and determination devising instead than top-down monitoring and public presentation rating. However, accounting Numberss may hold disciplinary consequence, as workers can non command how these Numberss are used for surveillance by others. Therefore local operational informations is non merely utile locally ; it can go portion of wider systems of answerability. Paradoxically, self direction and thin fabrication can convey stronger hierarchal syst ems of answerability. Equally good as direction accounting will still be used for control and monitoring because duty centres are still in topographic point in modern fabrication scenes. Besides there are other types of duty centres which are promoted by direction accounting as relevant in altering operation direction patterns. For case, some organisations motivate their employees by supplying them with net income information because, it is argued that this type of inducements considered more comprehensive fiscal signal than cost decrease. In bend the old index provides inducements for uninterrupted betterment even when employees work squads are non organized as net income centres. Therefore hierarchal systems of answerability still play important function in modern fabrication scenes.3.0 InventionsInvention is by and large regarded as an of import research subject because inventions are believed to enable organisations to successfully accommodate to, and survive, volatile concern e nvironments ( Rogers, 1995 ) Management comptrollers ‘ part to this invention procedure is to guarantee that directors are provided with information that continues to be relevant as concern fortunes alteration. However, direction comptrollers have been criticized for their inability to introduce ( Kaplan and Johnson, 1987 ) and these perceptual experiences continue to prevail in visible radiation of the comparatively low success rate in implementing ‘new ‘ direction accounting inventions such as ABC and the balanced scorecard ( Cobb et al. , 1992 ; Reeve, 1996 ; Chenhall ; Langfield-Smith, 1998a ; Lukka & A ; Granlund, 2002 ) . This deficiency of invention was described by Kaplan ( 1986 ) as ‘accounting slowdown ‘ that needs to be minimized in order to maintain direction accounting relevant to the altering information demands of directors. However, at the clip Kaplan ( 1986 ) coined the term ‘accounting slowdown ‘ , there was small research about direction accounting invention and research workers have merely turned their attending to this issue in recent old ages. This research into direction accounting invention has now matured into several different wa tercourses and this literature is reviewed in order to turn up this survey within that literature. Inventions in operations direction ( OM ) have challenged direction accounting ( MA ) for more than two decennaries ( Berliner & A ; Brimson, 1988 ; Cooper, 1995 ; Johnson, 1992 ; Kaplan, 1983, 1990 ; Maskell, 2003 ) . Automation, just-in-time ( JIT ) and entire quality direction ( TQM ) are illustrations of patterns that have changed fabrication systems ( Hayes & A ; Wheelwright, 1984 ; Schonberger, 1986, 1996 ; Womack et al. , 1991 ) and are today considered to be basic elements in the OM subject, and pivotal in the pursuit of fight.3.1 Inventions in OM – Prosecuting Integrated FabricationIntegrated fabrication environment JIT, TQM and mechanization, and characterises the new fabrication paradigm as a affair of integrating. Hayes ; Wheelwright ( 1979, 1984 ) ; Wheelwright and Hayes ( 1985 ) who present the statement for heightened attending to fabrication in the modern universe. They point to the deficiency of fight in American fabrication industries compared to Asian and Eu ropean makers in the 1970s and 1980s ( Clark et al. , 1985 & A ; Teece, 1987 ) , and the impulse to rethink fabrication and the rule of OM, and by making so, they set the phase for incorporate fabrication and the functions of mechanization, JIT and TQM.3.1.1 Puting OM on the Strategic AgendaSkinner ( 1969, 1974 ) was one of the first to indicate to the strategic function of manufacturing/operations. Skinner ‘s response to ‘the productiveness crisis ‘ in the early 1970s in the US was to offer an optimistic position, proposing that what was needed was non to experience powerless in viing against cheaper foreign labor. From his survey of about 50 workss in six industries, he pinpointed three constructs in focussed fabrication which he considered dealt with the productiveness quandary: ( 1 ) there are many ways to vie besides bring forthing at low costs ; ( 2 ) a mill can non execute good on every yardstick ; ( 3 ) simpleness and repeat strain competency Hayes and Wheelwright coined the term ‘world category fabrication ‘ ( Hayes & A ; Wheelwright, 1979, 1984 ; Wheelwright & A ; Hayes, 1985 ) . They developed world-class fabrication based on in-depth analysis of the patterns implemented by Nipponese, German and US houses that exhibited outstanding public presentation. Hayes and Wheelwright ( 1984 ) offer six design suggestions: ( 1 ) construct the accomplishments and capablenesss of your work force, ( 2 ) construct proficient competency throughout direction, ( 3 ) compete through quality, ( 4 ) develop existent worker engagement, ( 5 ) rebuild fabricating technology, ( 6 ) tortoise and hare attacks to industrial competition. Furthermore, Hayes and Wheelwright emphasise incremental betterment patterns instead than strategic leap alterations in corporate development.3.1.2 Incorporate FabricationDean and Snell ‘s ( 1991 ) impression of incorporate fabrication, as it conceptualizes the new fabrication pattern in three pa tterns: advanced fabrication engineering ( mechanization ) , JIT stock list control and TQM. Advanced fabrication engineering, TQM and JIT stock list control work in concert to transform fabrication administrations, and they complement one another. For illustration, JIT enhances entire quality, because a decrease in stock list unmaskings quality jobs that were antecedently hidden, and entire quality facilitates JIT, because hapless quality is one of the chief grounds for keeping ‘just-in-case ‘ degrees of stock list. Advanced fabricating engineering may besides be closely linked with entire quality and JIT. For illustration, Majchrzak ( 1988 ) observed that ‘flexible mechanization creates an increased dependance on quality control ‘ . However, Warner ( 1987 ) argued that these techniques can replace one another, with a company utilizing JIT or TQM in topographic point of advanced fabrication engineering. Dean and Snell ( 1991 ) propose that each of the patterns represents a different aspect of incorporate fabrication, a paradigm of fabricating direction whose nucleus construct is the riddance of barriers between different facets of fabricating operations. 3.1.2.1 Advanced fabrication engineering ( mechanization ) includes computer-based engineerings such as computer-aided design, technology, fabrication and procedure planning ( CAD, CAE, CAM and CAPP ) . These engineerings are sometimes combined into flexible or computer-integrated fabrication systems ( FMS, CIM ) , where the potency for integrating is a cardinal feature of advanced fabrication engineering. 3.1.2.2 Just-in-time ( JIT ) is a system for cut downing ‘lead clip ‘ , stock list and thereby cost. With JIT, workss receive purchased parts merely in clip for usage in fabrication ( Schonberger, 1986 ; Womack et al. , 1991 ) . A figure of other techniques relate to the JIT construct. For illustration, the kanban system of minimising work-in-process stock list by utilizing cards to draw parts through a mill is frequently associated with JIT control. Other related techniques include minimising batch sizes by cut downing machine apparatus and conversion times, and set uping close working relationships with a little figure of providers. 3.1.2.3 Entire quality direction ( TQM ) is the most elusive of the three constituents of incorporate fabrication, because of the many intensions of the term ‘quality ‘ . Like JIT, entire quality involves a few, comparatively simple cardinal constructs, and what Dean and Snell name ‘an formless array of peripheral associated patterns ‘ . The nucleus thoughts include behaviors things right the first clip, endeavoring for uninterrupted betterment and apprehension and run intoing client demands. Associated patterns include statistical procedure control, quality map deployment and Taguchi methods. Quality was ab initio limited to mill floors, but entire quality is now understood to use to all countries of endeavors. Companies eliminate barriers in three ways: ( 1 ) incorporate the phases of production, ( 2 ) integrate functional sections and ( 3 ) integrate fabrication ends. Therefore, Dean and Snell talk about three different signifiers of integrating: phase integrating, functional integrating and end integrating. With respects to present integrating, Dean and Snell ( 1991, 778 ) emphasise that ‘the pattern underlying incorporate fabrication integrates the phases of fabrication procedures in footings of clip, infinite and information. JIT eliminates work-in-process buffers between production phases, and any stairss, such as the motion of parts, that do non add value to the merchandise. Consistent with entire quality ‘s premiss of making things right the first clip, reviews and rework between phases are besides eliminated. Companies practising these techniques frequently create †cells † in which machines executing consecutive operations on similar merchandises are located next to one another in a works. Such steps dramatically cut down clip and infinite between phases ‘ . Table 1 summarises these thoughts. This paper besides argues that invention in OM typically deals with the sidelong flows within and beyond the house. Like MA, OM is concerned with the transmutation of inputs into end products, but in contrast to MA, OM develops and explicates how this transmutation takes topographic point in item. In a sense, while MA is concerned with juxtaposing a series of inquiries about determination devising, duty and answerability on the procedure of transmutation, mechanization, TQM and JIT are more focussed on the specific stairss in the transmutation procedure. As a effect, the objects of OM are related to throughput mechanisms including the design of fabrication and service production systems, the design of merchandises and services, the design of dealingss beyond the house, the design of ( mill ) layout and the flow of services and merchandises, the design of production and service engineering and besides the design of work administration. This is a really wide spectrum of objects, which testifies that OM efforts to develop propositions about most things in a house: the lone caution is that these objects have to be subordinated to the flow of the merchandise or service in the supply, fabrication and ingestion procedures. Many invention surveies in direction accounting scenes focus on a individual invention as the unit of survey, and Lukka and Granlund ( 2002 ) indicate that ABC is the individual most studied invention. Traditional soaking up bing systems have long been capable to unfavorable judgment. This clip the focal point of unfavorable judgment was that these systems do non accurately step costs for determination devising intents and activity based costing ( ABC ) has been developed and promoted. Besides, mark costing and the ‘costing of quality ‘ were introduced as tools for facing increased competition ( Abdel-Kader & A ; Luther, 2006 ) .4.0 Challenges from Inventions in Operations Management from a Management Accounting Point of ViewMA research has considered inventions in OM to present a challenge for more than two decennaries ( Berliner & A ; Brimson, 1988 ; Bromwich & A ; Bhimani, 1994 ; Johnson & A ; Kaplan, 1987 ; Kaplan, 1983, 1984, 1990 ) . This paper analyses the response s to the new fabrication paradigm given in MA research. As mentioned above, we draw on Dean and Snell ‘s ( 1991 ) impression of incorporate fabrication in our apprehension of the new fabrication paradigm. However, in the reappraisal it is the single research worker ‘s ain definition of incorporate manufacturing-related to mechanization, TQM or JIT – which forms the footing for characterizing the relationship between MA and OM. Figure 2 identifies five challenges related to integrated fabrication that are addressed in the MA research: ( 1 ) decentralization, ( 2 ) non-financial public presentation measuring, ( 3 ) cost computations, ( 4 ) criterion scene and ( 5 ) wages systems. These five challenges are non a comprehensive list of all facets addressed in the MA research concentrating on inventions in OM. However, we believe that these points give a representative image of how the MA research has responded to the challenge from incorporate fabrication.Figure 2 OM c hallenges from a MA position ( Adapted from Hansen & A ; Mouritsen, 2007 )4.1 Role engagement ‘s consequence on innovativenessRole engagement is expected to impact innovativeness in footings of: ( 1 ) cognition about the rightness of inventions ; ( 2 ) credence of the inventions by concern unit directors ; and ( 3 ) inducements to introduce. The first and 2nd facets of function engagement affect the ability of direction comptrollers to introduce while the 3rd affects their motive to introduce ( Emsley, 2005 ) .4.1.1 Knowledge about the rightness of inventionsTo successfully introduce, the direction comptroller needs to be cognizant of an invention every bit good as understanding its rightness to a concern unit director ‘s demands. However, â€Å" consciousness † and â€Å" rightness † are separate issues and function engagement is merely argued to be of import for understanding the rightness of inventions for concern unit directors ‘ demands. Management comptrollers with a concern unit orientation are more likely to cognize whether an innoA ­vation is appropriate or non because they work aboard and/or study to concern unit directors. This propinquity to, and contact with, concern unit directors means that these direction comptrollers will be more familiar with the kind of determinations concern unit directors make, more likely to understand the information that is of most value to doing those determinations, accordingly, they are more likely to cognize which inventions are appropriate for bring forthing that information. As these inventions need to reflect altering concern unit needs, direction comptrollers with a concern unit orientation are less likely to be constrained by functional ( accounting ) dictates and accordingly the inventions are besides more likely to be viewed as extremist ( Emsley, 2005 ) .4.1.2 Acceptance of inventions by concern unit directorsEmsley ( 2005 ) mentioned that cognition about the rightnes s of a direction accounting invention is likely to be a necA ­essary but deficient measure to originating inventions. The 2nd manner function engagement affects the deA ­velopment of inventions concerns the grade to which direction accounting inventions are acA ­cepted by concern unit directors. Inventions initiated by direction comptrollers with a concern unit orientation are more likely to be accepted because they can cut down concern unit directors ‘ perA ­ceived uncertainness about the benefits of the inventions every bit good as lessen their opposition to innovaA ­tions. The sensed uncertainness environing the benefits of direction accounting inventions is likely to be comparatively high because they are administrative inventions whose benefits are hard to show and detect ex ante, at least comparative to proficient inventions ( Dunk, 1989 ) For illustration, the benefit of a proficient invention that makes a machine tally faster is likely easier to show than the betterment to determination devising as a consequence of implementing an administrative invention such as ABC. Consequently to be confident that the claimed benefits of a direction accounting invention will happen, the concern unit director needs to pass clip going familiar with the information generated by the invention in order to appreciate its utility. However, the concern unit director can short-cut this procedure if s/he can swear the direction comptroller ‘s sentiment about the benefits and costs of an invention and this trust is more likely where the direction comptroller has a concern unit orientation because trust will hold developed as a consequence of working together in the yesteryear. This state of affairs is particularly relevant for extremist inventions whose benefits are frequently harder to show antique ante and greater resources are needed to implement them. In contrast, less trust is likely to be between a concern unit director and a direction comptroller with a functional ( accounting ) orientation, accordingly, the concern unit director will be less certain about the benefits of the invention and will be less likely to accept it as a consequence ( Emsley, 2005 ) . With respects to understating the degree of opposition to the invention, societal identify theory ( Janis, 1982 ; Tajfels, 1978 ) indicates that direction comptrollers with a concern unit orientation will go a member of the â€Å" in † group ( i.e. the concern unit ) and, accordingly, will happen it less hard to acquire their positions accepted within the concern unit than direction comptrollers with a functional orientation who will be viewed as members of an â€Å" out † group. In the former instance the direction accountant tends to be viewed as â€Å" one of us but different to us † compared to the latter instance where the direction comptroller is viewed as â€Å" one of them † . This state of affairs is particularly relevant for extremist inventions where the going from bing methods is larger and a greater religion in the direction comptroller is necessary ( both in footings of the invention ‘s benefits to the concern unit and any possible down side that might accrue to the concern unit as a consequence of implementing the invention ) .4.1.3 Incentives to introduceThe 3rd manner a direction comptroller ‘s function engagement affects the development of inventions is through their inducements to introduce. Incentives include a direction comptroller ‘s wagess and future chances but besides includes the enhanced occupation satisfaction that comes from greater occupation enrichment ( Argyris & A ; Kaplan, 1994 ) These inducements are likely to be mostly determined by the direction comptroller ‘s higher-up who, for direction comptrollers with a concern unit orientation, is likely to be the concern unit director. In such state of affairss, inducements are more likely to be geared to the accomplishment of concern unit ends where the direction comptroller will take to bring forth information that is geared towards accomplishing these ends and, as such, will be less likely to be constrained by conventions of functi onal accounting ; furthermore, in order to run into the assorted demands of the concern unit, inventions are likely to be extremist compared to bing pattern ( Emsley, 2005 ) . For direction comptrollers who are functionally orientated, their higher-ups will be comptrollers who are more likely to aline direction comptrollers ‘ inducements with the accomplishment of functional ends ( such as pull offing hard currency flows and conformity coverage ) than concern unit ends. In such state of affairss, there is less incentive and motive for them to prosecute inventions designed to accomplish concern unit directors ‘ ends. This state of affairs is particularly likely if direction comptrollers with a functional orientation have to put considerable clip and attempt to convert the concern unit director of the invention ‘s benefits or if prosecuting those inventions threatens the accomplishment of functional ends. These statements all lead to the outlook that the function engagement of direction comptrollers will be associated with their innovativeness ( Emsley, 2005 ) . Some research workers have identified factors such as deficiency of top direction willingness, deficiency of equal function theoretical accounts, the accent on fiscal accounting and the laterality of computing machine based accounting systems. Others have included organizational scheme, construction and the influence of communicating channels as factors act uponing the diffusion of direction accounting inventions ( Yazdifar & A ; Askarany, 2008 ) .4.2 Barriers to following new accounting techniquesEverett and Waldron ( 2000 ) mentioned that restrictions relative to a house ‘s human resources were the most comA ­monly cited barriers to the debut of new accounting techniques and patterns. In peculiar, the cost of alteration related to people and clip, and a deficiency of relevant accomplishments were the top three barriers reported, as shown in Table ( 2 ) 40 % or more of the respondents identified each of these three factors. The 4th most cited barrier, selected by 37 % of the respondents, was direction inactiveness. This job, which repA ­resents yet another human resource barrier, besides featured in a survey of barriers to UK maker ‘s acceptance of throughput accounting that was conducted by Dugdale and Jones ( 1998 ) . It would look that more attempt demands to be expended in educatA ­ing troughs about the now accounting techniques and the benefits that can be realized from their usage. Askarany and Yazdifar ( 2007 ( indicated that factors related to the features of inventions are seemed to be among the most of import influencing factors impacting the diffusion of cost and direction accounting alterations: 1. Lack of suited package plans. 2. Cost of system set up and its execution. 3. Cost of keeping and roll uping cost information. 4. Lack of information on available bing techniques. 5. Management policies and precedences. 6. Lack of appropriate cost accounting accomplishments. 7. Low benefit arising from alteration compared with higher needed outgo. 8. Lack of assurance in the ability of new accounting techniques. 9. Adequacy of current system. 10. Employee opposition. 11. Insufficiency of the current system non being of import plenty to necessitate alteration in the costing system. 12. External fiscal or cost accounting criterions or patterns5.0 Findingss and RecommendationsThe findings suggest that top direction committedness and support is a cardinal factor in acceptance and successful execution of new cost and direction accounting techniques. However, the top direction committedness and support will be more effectual if it is backed up by sufficient top direction penetration. They need to cognize about the new techniques being implemented in their company and be able to pass on this to others. The findings besides indicated that direction accounting inventions may be able to cut down the misfit between direction accounting techniques and the altering environment of operation patterns. As Snell & A ; Dean ( 1991 ) suggest, mechanization, TQM and JIT are major inventions in operational patterns in companies around the universe, and they contribute to the integrating of phases, maps and ends in what has been called a new fabrication paradigm. The consequences of the research provide of import information to ease the diffusion of late developed direction accounting techniques in pattern. Such developments are expected to increase the satisfaction of users of current direction accounting information. The findings may besides be helpful in be aftering successful execution of any direction accounting alteration programme. The research findings suggest that directors and practicians should seek a better apprehension of the nature and features of new direction accounting techniques that they are be aftering to follow. The findings are besides relevant for directors and practicians working in group administrations, as the research suggests that they need a better apprehension of the operations and demands of subordinate companies. In 2002, Johnston, Brignall, and Fitzgerald recommended that at that place look to be six requirements that appear to assistance and underpin coaction: team-working ; sound and good established accounting systems ; comptrollers with good concern and procedure cognition ; comptrollers with a flexible position of their functions ; comptrollers with good interpersonal and communications accomplishments ; comptrollers who were willing to dispute the position quo and facilitate alteration. The comptrollers who worked closely with operations directors in procedure alteration appear to be non-traditional comptrollers, who act as facilitators and anchors for concern determinations. There are several issues for operations directors in order to interrupt down the tenseness between operations directors and direction comptrollers. First, there is a demand to promote comptrollers to go involved in the operation and to understand, first manus, the issues confronting operations directors. Second, this may be achieved by greater usage of cross-functional squads non merely to portion understanding but besides to make common ownership of jobs. Third, operations directors need to recognize and utilize the accomplishments of the comptrollers, in peculiar promote their functions in supplying non-financial information and utilize their accomplishments in interpretation and circulating information. Fourth, operations directors should see comptrollers as facilitators non as a barrier to alter. It would look that the potency of direction comptrollers is much maligned and misunderstood and their accomplishments undervalued and under-utilised in procedure alteration – a ca rdinal undertaking for operations directors. Using the refined instrument, the following 14 points were identified to mensurate features of direction accounting invention: 1. Can acquire the occupation done quicker. 2. Can make the occupation easier. 3. Can better the quality of service. 4. Can make the occupation more efficaciously. 5. Can accomplish greater control over work procedures. 6. Can be learned rapidly and easy. 7. Is easy to implement. 8. Is compatible with exist-ing procedures. 9. Has minor deductions for other procedures. 10. Is compatible with corporate civilization. 11. Advantages/benefits are clear and incontrovertible. 12. Results are easy reported/communicated. 13. Able to test the technique to guarantee it does what it said it would. 14. Enhances the profile and repute of the company ) Askarany & A ; Yazdifar, 2007 ) .6.0 DecisionManagement accounting work out organisational public presentation for decision-making, coorA ­dination and motive utilizing techniques such as cost allotment, duty centres, trans portation monetary values, merchandise costing, public presentation measuring and budgeting while operations direction concerned with non-financial facets of public presentation such as clip, quality, flexibleness and invention, which are both techniques stairss in a concatenation taking to increased house value. Even if direction accounting can be described as fiscal and hierarchal, and concerned with criterions and control, it may good hold a function in the new manufacA ­turing scene. In add-on, direction accounting and operations direction have much to state to each other because, as Bromwich and Bhimani ( 1994 ) note, many challenges confronting modA ­ern direction accounting semen from an operations environment. The writers ‘ analysis justify this position: new ways to gestate of direction accounting emerge from analyzing its interaction with operations direction. Both have similar concerns and decisions about the importance of non-financial information in modern fabrication environA ­ments. A In whatever manner, the paper analysis confront the imitation of accounting frequently made in arguments about operations direction and more by and large. Hansen and Mouritsen ( 2007 ) recommend that the linguistic communication of operations is non a strictly non-financial. Employees do understand fiscal linguistic communication to a certain extent. Standard cost systems are used as a catA ­alyst for betterment procedures and ‘pseudo net income centres ‘ provide inducements for continA ­uous betterment. In add-on, direction accounting is of import as it describes the economic sciences of flexibleness, velocity and invention. As good they argue that standard cost systems and discrepancy analysis do non needfully conflict with aspirations for ‘zero defect ‘ schemes and sidelong dealingss as is suggested by many operA ­ations direction observers. Operations direction has confronted direction accounting for rather a piece. on the other manus, direction accounting could likewise be a confront for operations direction, at the same clip as the restrictions around and within operations depend upon computations that join flows of merchandises and services, persons with organisational ends, and thoughts of fight to profitableness and control. Management accounting and operations direction can larn and develop one from the other. There is an unsolved tenseness between the different functions of nonfinancial public presentation steps in respect to local and cardinal information systems that build on two different sets of logic, one is oriented towards operational acquisition and uninterrupted betterment, while the other is oriented towards control. Therefore, the vagueness of the function of nonfinancial public presentation steps in incorporate fabrication still leaves us with a important inquiry for the hereafter Another trait of the MA research is the focal point on the economic sciences of integrating, and in peculiar, the demand for new cost computations in footings of supplying determination shapers in incorporate fabricating systems with better information. For case, the cost decrease potency of the ‘integration of maps ‘ such as the production and design interface can be made clear by agencies of life-cycle costing, which helps design for manufacturability. Furthermore, the economic sciences of flexibleness and quality reflected in ABC and quality bing supply input to determination shapers about the bounds of the integrating scheme. New cost computations are besides introduced in order to bring forth inducements to increase throughput by agencies of back flower or throughput accounting, which have been specifically adapted to JIT scenes. One possible function of MA research here is to look into tradeoffs between types of fabricating systems ( Hansen & A ; Mouritsen, 2007 ) . It can be conclude that operations manA ­agement and direction accounting can larn and develop one from the other. In add-on, direction accounting inventions may be able to cut down the misfit between direction accounting techniques and the altering environment of operation patterns.